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Pronouns

Just like the nouns and adjectives, all the ΤΑΚΕ pronouns are invariable; they have no inflexions and, of course, have no grammatical gender. In May 2010 some very controversial choices had gone, especially the ridiculous μέλαο, σφέλαο etc. The revision of the Autumn of 2010 brings the language even further back from its pidginization in an imaginary time-line and, hopefully, to an ancient Greek without inflexions in our own world.
 

1. Personal Pronouns

With the singular personal pronouns, Latino sine flexion (LSF) takes the ablative singular, just as it did with nouns, except for "it" which is the Latin accusative. Similarly all the the plural pronouns appear in LSF but in forms identical with the ancient accusative plural, not the ablative plural, thus:

LSF pronouns		Singular	Plural
1st person		me	nos
2nd person		te	vos
3rd person	male	illo	illos
	female	illa
	it	id

It will be seen that in the 1st & 2nd persons, plurality is indicated not by inflexion but by lexicon. This was so in ancient Greek also where, indeed, in the most ancient dialects plurality was also shown by lexicon as we shall see below.

The first version of ΤΑΚΕ had used the ridiculous μέλαο (me-people) and σέλαο (you-people) as plurals. In May 2010 it used a different word for 'we/us', namely ημέ which was derived from the ancient form. But it used σε (you) as both singular and plural; there is no ancient precedent for this. The development of (ἐ)σεῖς as the plural of σύ is a medieval development and not attested before the 7th century CE. The present revision of ΤΑΚΕ is reverting to its original intention of 'ancient Greek without inflexions.'

The Classical Greek pronouns are shown on the following table:

	Singular				Plural
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
nominative	ἐγώ	σύ	-		ἡμεῖς	ὑμεῖς	σφεῖς
accusative	ἐμέ, μέ	σέ	ἕ		ἡμᾶς	ὑμᾶς	σφᾶς
genitive	ἐμοῦ, μοῦ	σοῦ	οὗ		ἡμῶν	ὑμῶν	σφῶν
dative	ἐμοί, μοί	σοί	οἷ		ἡμῖν	ὑμῖν	σφίσι

Note: With the 1st person pronoun, the forms beginning ἐμ- are used when the pronoun is a distinct word, those beginning μ- being enclitics only.

The 1st and 2nd persons, though not the 3rd person, also had dual forms νώ and σφώ respectively; but they do not concern us here. In Goodwin's Greek Grammar we read:

The stems of the personal pronouns in the first person are ἐμε- (cf. Latin me), νω- (cf. noose), and ἡμε-, ἐγώ being of distinct formation; in the second person, σε- (cf. te), σφω-, ὑμε-, with σύ distinct; in the third person, ἐ- and σφε-.

It may be wondered why there was no nominative form of the 3rd person singular and, indeed, why the other nominative singulars are distinct. The fact is that the verb endings indicated the subject so the nominative of personal pronouns was redundant; they were seldom used, except for emphasis. When a nominative was needed for the 3rd person, ancient Greek at all periods and in all dialects used a demonstrative pronoun; these are discussed in the next section.

1.1 First & Second Persons

But let us first consider the 1st & 2nd persons. ΤΑΚΕ adopts nouns and adjectives from either the genitive or nominative singular forms. But there are problems here. When ΤΑΚΕ has borrowed from the genitive, it has done so simply by removing the final -ς of a genitive ending in -ος. The genitive singular of these two pronouns ends in -οῦ (← έο ← -εῖο) in Attic and the Koine (and in -εῦ -εῖο -έθεν in Homer and other dialects). The nominative singular is distinct from other forms in the 1st and 2nd persons (and is lacking in the 3rd person). It will be noticed, however, that the stems of the singular pronouns are identical with the accusative forms, therefore, ΤΑΚΕ adopts these forms for the singular pronouns ἐμέ (I, me), and σέ (thou, thee, you [s.]).

The circumflex accent on the endings of the plural pronouns above indicate a contraction; ἡμεῖς, ἡμᾶς and so on are for earlier ἡμέες, ἡμέας etc. So we could abstract the stem ἡμέ; but to have ἡμέ and ὑμέ as well as ἐμέ is perhaps unsatisfactory. Also, unlike ἐμέ, the other two would be abstractions which is something I am trying to avoid in this revision of ΤΑΚΕ.

Those who know Latin will know that ablatives me and te are identical with the accusative of those two pronouns; therefore, in the LSF table above, all pronouns, except illo and illa, are identical with their accusative case counterparts in Classical Latin. As ΤΑΚΕ is meant to be a sort LSF applied to Classical Greek and we have adopted the ancient accusative forms for the 1st & 2nd person singular, it would seem not unreasonable to do so for the two plural pronouns, thus: ἡμᾶς, ὑμᾶς.

1.2 Third Person

In Homer, Herodotos and the Attic poets, we find them as given in the table above. But in Classical Attic prose, ἕ and οὗ are practically nonexistent, and οἷ and the all the plural forms are used only as 'indirect reflexives', i.e. in subordinate clauses to refer to the subject of the main clause. They do not survive into later Greek.

Classical Attic and the Koine used the accusative, genitive and dative cases αὐτός for the 3rd person pronoun. The problem, however, is that αὐτός had two other uses which we shall consider more fully later on this page. One of these as an intensive adjective or pronoun, and that was the meaning it had in the nominative case, e.g. αὐτός τάδε ἔγραψε = "He wrote this himself." Such a system might work in a language with a clearly marked case system, but it would be confusing in a language without such inflexions. Indeed, it was not sustainable even in Greek; in the modern language αὐτός is now a 3rd person pronoun in all cases and has lost its other ancient meanings (though it has acquired the meaning of 'this' instead).

ΤΑΚΕ will retain the two main ancient uses of αὐτός. To have also the Attic use of αὐτός as 3rd person pronoun for all except the nominative case would be confusing and, indeed, a potential cause of ambiguity. I propose, therefore, to retain the earlier use of Homer, Herodotos and the Attic poets, i.e. the ΤΑΚΕ 3rd person pronouns are: ἕ (he, him, she, her) and σφᾶς (they, them).

But it should be noted that ἕ, σφᾶς etc. were used mainly to denote persons, i.e. male or female. It is noteworthy, I think, that languages that do not normally mark plural often do so with pronouns that refer to persons, e.g. Mandarin Chinese nouns are invariable, but we find the personal pronouns wǒmen (we, us), nǐmen (you [pl]) and tāmen (they, them); but tāmen is not normally used for referring things, but only for people. ΤΑΚΕ will retain the ancient usage of ἕ and σφᾶς for persons only. I noted above that when a nominative was needed for the 3rd person pronoun, the ancients used a demonstrative pronoun. I propose that when ΤΑΚΕ wants to express 'it' or 'them' referring to things, it uses a demonstrative pronoun, the most generic being τοῦτο (see next section).

1.3 Summary

The table below gives the ΤΑΚΕ personal pronouns; you may wish to compare it with the LSF table above.

ΤΑΚΕ pronouns		Singular	Plural
1st person		ἐμέ	ἡμᾶς
2nd person		σέ	ὑμᾶς
3rd person	person(s)	ἕ	σφᾶς
	thing(s)	(use a demonstrative pronoun, e.g. τοῦτο)

2. Demonstratives

In ancient Greek the demonstratives were essentially declined like 1st & 2nd declension adjectives except that the neuter singular nominative and accusative ended in -ο, not -ον. This means, of course, that the ΤΑΚΕ demonstrative will be identical with the ancient nominative & accusative neuter singular. There were three such demonstratives:

οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο = 'this, that' (plural 'these, those')

Its apparently strange declension is due to its being derived from: the definite article + /wt/ + 1st and 2nd declension endings, with the modified neuter given above. It was a generic demonstrative, rather like French: ce, cette, ces; celui, celle, ceux, celles.

ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε = 'this' (plural 'these')

It is composed of the definite article with the suffix -δε. This indicated nearness, i.e. 'this (here)'; French: ce … -ci, cette … -ci etc.; celui-ci, celle-ci etc.

ἐκεῖνος, ἐκείνη, ἐκεῖνο = 'that' (plural 'those')

It was declined regularly according to the 'rule' given in the first paragraph of this section. This indicated remoteness, i.e. 'that (there)'; French - ce … -là, cette … -à etc.; celui-là, celle-là etc.

The ΤΑΚΕ demonstratives τοῦτο, τόδε and ἐκεῖνο are used with the meanings given above. If there is a contrast between 'this' and 'that' we will use τόδε and ἐκεῖνο, e.g. το Δαυείδ λέγε τόδε, ἀλλά το Σοφία λέγε ἐκεῖνο = David says this, but Sophie says that.

These words may be used:

substantivally

For example:
το Δαυείδ ἄκουε τόδε = David heard this.
τοῦτο ἔς μάλα καλό = This is is very good/ It is very good.
ἐμέ oὐ φίλει ἐκεῖνο = I don't like that.

adjectivally

When thus used, they do not follow the same word order as numerals and descriptive adjectives.
The latter have the attributive order, e.g "the ugly duckling" = το αἰσχρό νησσαρίο or το νησσαρίο το αἰσχρό. Demonstrative must be used with the definite article and take the determinative position, thus:
τόδε το γυναικό or το γυναικό τόδε = this woman
ἐκεῖνο το ανδρό or το ανδρό ἐκεῖνο = that man.

Therefore "this ugly duckling" can take any one of four forms, thus:

1. τόδε το αἰσχρό νησσαρίο
2. τόδε το νησσαρίο το αἰσχρό
3. το αἰσχρό νησσαρίο τόδε
4. το νησσαρίο τόδε το αἰσχρό

 

3. Αὐτό

In classical Greek αὐτός had three uses:

1. Used in the determinative position it was an emphasizing adjective correspond to English forms ending in -self; e.g.
   αὐτὴ ἡ γυνή or ἡ γυνὴ αὐτή = the woman herself
   αὐτὸς ὁ ἀνήρ or ὁ ἀνὴρ αὐτός = the man himself.
2. Used with the definite article in the attributive position it meant "the same", e.g.
   ἡ αὐτὴ γυνή or ἡ γυνὴ ἡ αὐτή = the [self-]same woman, the very woman
   ὁ αὐτὸς ἀνήρ or ὁ ἀνὴρ ὁ αὐτός = the [self-]same man, the very man
   (in this use the article was often united to αὐτός to give contracted forms such as αὑτός, αὑτή, ταὑτό [sic] etc.; but this does not concern us here.)
3. In the oblique cases only it was used as the 3rd person pronoun: 'him, her, it, them' (but, of course, never 'he, she, it [subj.], they').

The third use has been discussed in the section "Personal Pronouns: 3rd person" and we have seen that ΤΑΚΕ does not retain this use. However, it does retain the first two uses above, for example:

emphasizing adjective

αὐτό το γυναικό or το γυναικό αυτό = the woman herself
αὐτό το ἀνδρό or το ἀνδρό αὐτό = the man himself

"the same"

τ᾽ αὐτό γυναικό or το γυναικό τ᾽ αὐτό = the same woman, the very woman
τ᾽ αὐτό ἀνδρό or το ἀνδρό τ᾽ αὐτό = the same man, the very man

Note:
A personal pronoun may be combined with αὐτό to give an emphatic form, e.g. αὐτό ἐμέ or ἐμέ αὐτό (I myself), cf. Latin (ego) ipse, French moi-même. For example:

• ἐμέ αὐτό (I myself), σέ αὐτό (you yourself), ἕ αὐτό (he himself; she herself).
• ἡμᾶς αὐτό (we themselves), ὑμᾶς αὐτό (you yourselves), σφᾶς αὐτό (they themselves)

Examples:
ἡμᾶς αὐτό ποίει τόδε (we ourselves did this/ we did this ourselves)
αὐτό σφᾶς λέγε ἐκεῖνο (they yourselves said that/ they said that themselves).
ἐμέ αὐτό ὄρα τοῦτο (I myself saw it/ I saw it myself).
Note: the final -έ of ἐμέ, σέ and ἕ are not elided, as the pronouns are emphasized (cf. reflexive pronouns below).

 

4. Possessive, Reflexive & Reciprocal Pronouns

4.1 Possessives

Ancient Greek did have possessive adjectives: ἐμός (my), σός (thy, your), ὅς (his, her), ἡμέτερος (our), ὑμέτερος (your), σφέτερος (their). But even during the Classical period these were giving way to the use of the genitive case of the pronouns, e.g. ὁ σὸς πατήρ or ὁ πατήρ σου = "your father" Indeed, ὅς (his, her) was never used in the Attic dialect; it was in fact homophonous with the relative pronoun ὅς (who, which, that). By the time of the Koine the genitive of the pronoun was the only method used. ΤΑΚΕ, of course, does not have a genitive case; it expresses the genitive with the preposition ἐκ "of" (ἐξ before vowels) for both nouns and pronouns; forms derived from the ancient possessive adjectives are, therefore, not used in ΤΑΚΕ. For example:
το ἐξ ἐμέ πατρό or το πατρό το ἐξ ἐμέ = my father
το ἐκ σέ πατρίδο or το πατρίδο το ἐκ σέ = your country, your native land.

The English possessive pronouns, 'mine, yours' etc. are expressed in the same way, e.g.
ἐκεῖνο το κυνό ἔς το ἐξ ἐμέ (That dog is mine)
τόδε το οικίο ἔς το ἐξ ἕ (This house is hers)

4.2 Reflexive Pronouns

In the ancient language reflexives were originally expressed by using oblique cases of the personal pronoun with αὐτός agreeing with the pronoun and in Homer the two elements were always declined separately. Later in the ancient language, while the plurals remained as two words, the singulars became combined to give ἐμαυτόν [myself - acc. masc.], σεαυτόν or σαυτόν [yourself - acc. masc.] and ἑαυτόν or αὑτόν [himself - acc.] and in Classical Attic the plurals forms ἑαυτούς/ αὑτούς etc. came to be used instead of σφᾶς αὐτούς etc. Indeed, in the tragedians and Classical Attic we sometimes come across examples of ἑαυτόν and its plural ἑαυτούς used as the reflexive pronoun for all three persons. But this, it seems to me, is beginning to depart somewhat from its ancient origin as it moves towards the modern usage of εαυτό with a genitive pronoun.

ΤΑΚΕ will adopt forms derived from the the post-Homeric contracted forms for the singular with the plurals denoted by two words, thus: ἐμαυτό, σεαυτό, ἑαυτό; ἡμᾶς αὐτό, ὑμᾶς αὐτό, σφᾶς αὐτό.

Examples of the reflexive are:

• ἐμέ ἀγάπα ἐμαυτό (I love myself)
• σέ ἀγάπα σεαυτό (you love yourself)
• ἕ ἀγάπα ἑαυτό (he loves himself/ she loves herself)
• ἡμᾶς ἀγάπα ἡμᾶς αὐτό (we love ourselves)
• ὑμᾶς ἀγάπα ὑμᾶς αὐτό (you love yourselves)
• σφᾶς ἀγάπα σφᾶς αὐτό (they love themselves)

4.3 My own, your own etc.

Where English uses simple possessives to refer back to the subject of the clause, ΤΑΚΕ simply uses the definite article, e.g.

• ἕ ἀγάπα το μητρό (he loves his mother)
• ἡμᾶς ἀγάπα το πατρίδο (we love our country)

A possessive would be expressed only if it did not refer to the subject, e.g.

• ἡμᾶς ἀγάπα το ἐκ σέ πατρίδο (we love your country).

If, however, we wish to emphasize that something belongs to or pertains to the subject, ΤΑΚΕ uses ἐκ or ἐξ with the reflexive pronoun, e.g.

• ἐμέ ἀγάπα το ἐξ ἐμαυτό πατρίδο or ἐμέ ἀγάπα το πατρίδο το ἐξ ἐμαυτό (I love my own country);
• σέ ἀγάπα το ἐκ σεαυτό πατρίδο or σέ ἀγάπα το πατρίδο το ἐκ σεαυτό (you love your own country);
• ἕ ἀγάπα το ἐξ ἑαυτό πατρίδο or ἕ ἀγάπα το πατρίδο το ἐξ ἑαυτό (he loves his own country);
• ἡμᾶς ἀγάπα το ἐξ ἡμᾶς αὐτό πατρίδο or ἡμᾶς ἀγάπα το πατρίδο το ἐξ ἡμᾶς αὐτό (we love our own country);

4.4 Reciprocal Pronoun

The reciprocal pronoun in ancient Greek had the stem ἀλλήλους [masc. acc.], ἀλλήλας [fem. acc.], ἄλληλα [neut. acc.] (the plural endings of 1st & 2nd declension adjectives). The word is sometimes found with dual endings, but mostly with plural endings; there is, however, one instance found with a singular ending: κεράμωι ἁρμόττοντι πρὸς ἄλληλον "for pottery harmonizing with each other" [Inscriptiones Graecae 2.1054.59]. The ΤΑΚΕ word, therefore, is derived in the normal way from a 1st & 2nd declension adjective, namely: ἄλληλο (one another), e.g.

• ἡμᾶς ἀγάπα ἄλληλο (we love one another);
• ὑμᾶς ἀγάπα ἄλληλο (you love one another);
• σφᾶς ἀγάπα ἄλληλο (they love one another).

Possession is expressed in the normal way, e.g.

• σφᾶς ἀγάπα το ἐξ ἄλληλο πατρίδο or σφᾶς ἀγάπα το πατρίδο το ἐξ ἄλληλο (they love each other's country)

 

5. Correlatives

Tables of correlative pronouns, adjectives & adverbs are common in grammars of ancient Greek; but such tables also showed up the irregularities in the language. In the original version of ΤΑΚΕ, I tried to make the correlatives more regular but without creating entirely artificial forms. To do this, however, I used several forms found mainly in Homer and the poets and in western Greek dialects. The results did look very artificial and the inclusion of western Greek departed somewhat from the aim of using the common Classical Greek with, maybe, the occasional Epic form. In the Spring of 2010 I began making the table less artificial; the present revision carries the process further.

Below is a table of the ΤΑΚΕ correlatives.

5.1 The Column Headings:

The adjectives and the adverbs of manner and time require no comment, except to say that no distributive and negative 'adjectives of quality' are attested in ancient Greek. But there is no reason why they should not have existed, so I feel it quite justifiable to extend the -οῖο formations in order to "fill the gaps."

5.1.1 Pronouns

The words in these two columns may be used as either adjectives or substantives, e.g. [adj.] τίνο παιδό βοῦλε τοῦτο το βιβλίο; "Which child wants this book?" - [subst.] τίνο βοῦλε τοῦτο; "Who wants this?"

When used adjectivally, the interrogative pronouns must precede and the indefinite pronouns must follow their nouns, e.g. πότερο παιδό; "Which child [of the two]?", "Which of the two children?"; παιδό ποτερό "either child [of the two]". "either of the two children".

The negative pronouns may either precede or follow their nouns, e.g. "no child" = οὐδαμό παιδό or παιδό οὐδαμό. The demonstrative, collective and distributive pronouns all take the determinative word order, e.g. παντό το πόλι or το πόλι παντό "the whole city"; ἕκαστο το ἡμέρα or το ἡμέρα ἕκαστο "each day"; ἀμφότερο το παιδό or το παιδό ἀμφότερο "both children".

5.1.2 Two only

The earlier versions of ΤΑΚΕ lacked these pronouns. I have not retained any dual forms since, although they could be used to denote two objects, the plural was far more commonly used. Indeed the dual was essentially moribund in the classical period and did not survive. However, it has been pointed out to me that languages which have long ago abandoned dual endings do still quite often retain words that refer to two objects or persons, e.g. English: both children, either child, neither child. Also ancient Greek English words referring to two objects or persons survive in the English amphoteric, heterosexual and other words beginning heter(o)-. They, therefore, take their place in the table below, although demonstrative, collective and distributive forms are clearly formed from roots different to the the other words of those categories.

5.1.3 Adverb of place

The Classical Attic and the Koine used a termination -ου for most of these adverbs. However, the words for 'everywhere'and 'in each place' were πανταχοῦ and ἑκασταχοῦ with an infixed -αχ-; I think it preferable to retain these, rather than artificially creating an unattested *παντοῦ and *ἑκαστοῦ for ΤΑΚΕ.

The local demonstratives, however, were exceptional. In Classical Greek we find three adverbs, two being derived from an earlier ἔνθα, corresponding to the three demonstrative pronouns, thus:

• corresponding to οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο = 'this, that' it had ἐνταῦθα (← ἐνθαῦτα) = 'here, there' (generic)
• corresponding to ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε = 'this' it had ἐνθάδε = 'here';
• corresponding to ἐκεῖνος, ἐκείνη, ἐκεῖνο = 'that' it had ἐκεῖ = 'there'.

Unless I wish to create artificial and unattested forms, I see little choice but to accept these in ΤΑΚΕ. I shall, however, not use the ancient forms for 'whence', 'thence', 'whither', 'thither' etc. but have analytical forms composed of prepositions and the local adverbs, e.g. ποῦ; = Where? προς ποῦ; = Where (to)? Whither? ἀπό ποῦ; = Where from? Whence?

5.2 The Row Labels:

5.2.1 Interrogative & Indefinite

In the ancient language the interrogative and indefinite pronouns had the same forms, but:

• interrogatives must be first word in their clause and were accented on the first syllable;
• indefinites do not stand first word in clause and were either either accented on the final syllable or, if the pronoun τὶς/ τὶ (ΤΑΚΕ: τινό) or adverb, were enclitic.

ΤΑΚΕ follows the practice of ancient Greek with these two sets of pronouns, adjectives and adverbs.

5.2.2 Demonstrative

The pronouns have been discussed above. Although Greek did develop common adjectives such as τοιόσδε (such) ~ τοιοῦτος (such) and τοσόσδε (so much/many) ~ τοσοῦτος (so much/many), it did not have *ἐκεινοιος or *ἐκεινοσος; also, as the temporal adverb always remained simply τότε (then). I have, therefore, kept the older forms which were common enough in Homer and in later poets and never completely disappeared from prose, i.e. ΤΑΚΕ has τοῖο (← τοῖος) and τόσο (← τόσος).
For the same reason I have rejected the later ὧδε (← *ὧσδε) and οὕτως (both meaning "so, thus") and chosen the adverbial form τώς.^*
The adverbs of place, here and there, were more problematic, and these are discussed below.
All the demonstratives beginning with τ- are stressed on the first syllable.

^*It will be noticed that neither ὧδε or οὕτως begin with τ-; they are, in fact, the "ὅδε and οὗτος" development of ὥς [hɔ:s] which is derived, like the nominative ὁ, ἡ, ὅδε, ἥδε, οὗτος and αὕτη from Indo-European forms beginning with s-; τώς was clearly formed by analogy with other demonstratives beginning with τ- which is, of course, why I have kept it.

5.2.3 Relative

The ancient relative pronoun was ὅς, ἥ, ὅ which gives ΤΑΚΕ ὅ. The other relatives normally had alternatives forms in the ancient languages, e.g. οἷος or ὁποῖος, ὅσος or ὁπόσος etc. However, ὅτερος (who(m)/which of the two) is found only in the Gortyn Code inscription on Crete, the normal Homeric and classical form being ὁπότερος. As ΤΑΚΕ must, therefore, have ὁπότερο, I have also, for the sake of consistency, adopted the longer alternatives for the other relatives. Following the ancient practice, the adjectives are accented on the second syllable, while the adverbs are accented on the first.

In the ancient language, the relative and indefinite pronouns were compounded to give the indefinite relative ὅστις "whoever, whatever"; ΤΑΚΕ does likewise, i.e. ὅτινο "whoever, whatever." Indefiniteness with the other relative words was shown by syntax in the ancient language and is so in ΤΑΚΕ also.

5.2.4 Collective

These are all, except for ἀμφότερο "both", derived regularly from ancient πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν (genitive: παντός, πάσης, παντός) and its derivatives according to the normal ΤΑΚΕ rules.

5.2.5 Distributive

Likewise, these are, except for ἀμφότερο "both", derived regularly from ancient ἕκαστος and its derivatives according to the normal ΤΑΚΕ rules; but, in the absence of any attested occurrence of an ancient *ἑκαστοῖος, I have assumed this may have existed and that it is by chance that we have not (so far) found any actual occurrences.

5.2.6 Negative pronouns, pronominal adjectives & pronominal adverbs

I have decided, especially as the verb is invariable and has no inflexions for mood, to keep the dual system of μη and οὐ negatives (this will be explained as we look at the verb and, in more detail, when we look at syntax).
In the Attic and the Koine the normal negative pronouns and pronominal adverbs are formed partly on the stems oὐδαμ-/μηδαμ- and partly on the stems oὐδε-/ μηδε-. The oὐδε-/ μηδε- stems had several "gaps", but the oὐδαμ-/μηδαμ- stems formed almost a complete system, lacking only the 'two only pronoun' and the 'adverb of time' forms. I have, therefore, decided to adopt the oὐδαμ-/μηδαμ- forms, which are always stressed on the last syllable, retaining only οὐδέτερο, μηδέτερο, ουδέποτε and μηδέποτε from the oὐδε-/ μηδε forms. I have also assumed ancient, but (so far) unattested 'adjectives of quality' *οὐδαμοῖος and μηδαμοῖος.

5.3 Table of Correlatives
 

	Pronouns		Adjective of …		Adverb of …
	One or many	Two only	… quality	… quantity	… of manner	… of time	… of place
Interrogative	τίνο ; Who? What? Which?	πότερο ; Which of the two?	ποῖο .. ; What sort of .. ?	πόσο ; How much? How many?	πῶς ; How? In what way?	πότε ; When?	ποῦ ; Where?
Indefinite	τινό some, any, someone, anyone, something, anything	ποτερό either one of the two	ποιό of some sort	ποσό of some quantity	πώς † somehow, in some way	ποτέ † sometime	πού † somewhere
Demonstrative (See demonstrative pronouns above)	τοῦτο = this, that τόδε = this [here] ἐκεῖνο = that [there]	ἕτερο the one or the other (of two)	τοῖο such [adj.]	τόσο so much/ so many	τώς thus, so	τότε then	ἐνταῦθα = here, there ἐνθάδε = here [near by] ἐκεῖ = there, yon(der)
Relative	ὅ who(m), which, that [rel.]	ὁπότερο who(m)/which of the two	ὁποῖο [such] as	ὁπόσο [as much/many] as	ὅπως as	ὅποτε when	ὅπου where
Collective	παντό all, every, everyone, everything	ἀμφότερο both [pl.], each (of two) [s.]	παντοῖο of all kinds	[none - the pronouns themselves indicate quantity: quantity taken as a whole, quantity distributed, lack of quantity]	πάντως in every way	πάντοτε always	πανταχοῦ everywhere
Distributive	ἕκαστο each (one)		ἑκαστοῖο ‡ of each kind		ἑκάστως in each way	ἑκάστοτε each time	ἑκασταχοῦ in each place
Negative	οὐδαμό, μηδαμό no, no one, nothing	οὐδέτερο, μηδέτερο neither (of two)	οὐδαμοῖο, ‡ μηδαμοῖο ‡ no kind of		οὐδαμῶς, μηδαμῶς in no way	οὐδέποτε, μηδέποτε never	οὐδαμοῦ, μηδαμοῦ nowhere

^†Enclitic.
^‡ΤΑΚΕ coinages, there being (so far) no attested ancient forms.