το άνευ κλίσι Ελληνικό: Verbs - Part 1

Just like the other parts of speech, all the ΤΑΚΕ verbs are also invariable; they have no inflexions and, therefore, do not change to show tense, mood, voice or, indeed, non-finite forms. This page concentrates on how the ΤΑΚΕ verb forms are derived from the ancient language.

As the ancient Greek verb system was far more complex than that of Latin, the derivation of verbs from the ancient language is a good deal more complex than that of deriving 'Latino sine flexion' verbs from Classical Latin.

[Introduction]
[Derivation of the ΤΑΚΕ verb form from ancient Greek]
[Table giving examples of derivation of ΤΑΚΕ verbs ancient Greek.]
[Why some ancient Greek verb are not used in ΤΑΚΕ]

Introduction

In Latino sine flexione Giuseppe Peano of our time-line used the Latin singular imperative as being closest to the verb stem (the same form can be obtained by removing the final -re of the active infinitive). We have seen, however, that Joseph Peanou was more concerned to use what he termed the "compositional base". Compounds where a verb is the first element were chiefly poetic in ancient Greek. In the compounds that are attested, we find:

A verbal stem appears without change before a vowel, or with an infixed -ε-, -ι- or -ο- before a consonant, e.g. πείθ-αρχος obedient to authority; μεν-ε-πτόλεμος steadfast in battle; ἀρχ-ι-τέκτων master-builder; λιπ-ό-γαμος marriage-leaving (i.e. adulterous).
Sometime -σι- (or -σ- before a vowel) is infixed, e.g. λυ-σί-πονος toil-relieving; στρεψί-δικος (← στρεφ-σί- ) justice-twisting; τερψί-νοος (← τερπ-σί- ) delighting the mind; πλήξ-ιππος (← πλήγ-σ- ) horse-lashing.

Joseph was attracted by (2) as it seemed that a "composition" ending in -σ(ι)- could be formed simply from the future stems of ancient Greek verbs. But when he came to derive such forms he found that it was not quite so straightforward; some verbs presented problems. Also it occurred to him the the first part of the compounds in (2) probably had as much to do with the deverbal feminine nouns λύσις, στρέψις, τέπψις and πλῆξις, as it had to actual verbs.

As for (1), why ἀρχι- should have been preferred to ἀρχε- (as, e.g. in the adjective ἀρχέ-τυπος "moulded as a pattern, archetypal") was not clear. But he reflected that -ε- and -ο- were the thematic vowels used by the majority of verbs to form their tenses, the vowel coming between the verbal stem and the personal ending. The thematic vowel -ο- was used before endings beginning with a nasal consonant, and -ε- was used elsewhere. Joseph decided, therefore, to use a form ending, as far as possible, in -ε which with thematic verbs is identical to the 2nd person singular active imperative.

It should, perhaps, be explained here what we mean by thematic and athematic verb forms.

Thematic verb forms are those which form the indicative tenses, imperatives, infinitives and participle by inserting a 'thematic vowel' between the stem and the ending. This vowel is, as we have said, -ο- before nasal consonants and -ε- elsewhere (the subjunctive mood uses a lengthened form of the thematic vowel and the optative mood uses -οι- as its thema, but these do not concern us here).
(Strictly speaking the weak aorists active and middle (see below), were also thematic, using -α- as their thema.)
Athematic verb forms add the ending directly to the verb base being used (so-called 'present stem', 'aorist stem [active or middle]', 'future stem [active or middle]' 'perfect active stem', perfect medio-passive stem, and aorist passive stem [used also to derive the future passive]' - yes, the verb has six principal parts!).

The athematic verbs used endings such as -ς and -θι for their 2nd person singular active imperatives; there was generally no form that actually corresponded with the verb stem and they tended to have various oddities in their conjugation. However, Joseph devised the rules below to obtain, as best he could, the verb stem from the forms given in dictionaries, grammars etc.

Of the six different verbal stems, only two concern us here:

the so-called 'present stem', used for forming tenses, moods, participles and infinitives of the imperfective aspect;
the 'aorist [active or middle] stem', used for forming tenses, moods, participles and infinitves of the perfective aspect.

The aorist stem came in two varieties:

Weak aorists
These are derived by adding -(σ)α (active), -(σ)άμην (middle) or -θην (passive; a few deponent verbs have passive rather than middle aorists) to another verbal stem, usually the present stem. The (σ) is shown in brackets as it often combines with a preceding consonant and does not appear as a separate sigma*. The weak aorist is rarely used for deriving ΤΑΚΕ verbs.
* π, β, φ or πτ + σ → ψ
τ, δ, θ or ζ + σ → σ
κ, γ, χ or κτ + σ → ξ
ν, ρ or λ drop the - σ- but modify the preceding vowel.
Strong aorists
These are inherited from Proto-Indo-European and usually represent the most basic verb stem. They come in two forms: thematic, ending in in -ο-ν (active) or -ό-μην (middle), and athematic which simply add -ν (active and passive) or -μην (middle). The stem before the athematic endings usually ends in -η- , -ω- or, less commonly, long -α- and -υ-. Strong aorists are often used deriving ΤΑΚΕ verbs.

NOTE: a verb may have an thematic present but an athematic strong aorist, e.g. βαίνω, ἔβην (to step, go).

Derivation of the ΤΑΚΕ verb form from ancient Greek

Dictionaries and grammar normally list the various verb stems showing the 1st person singular. The rules below, therefore, show how the ΤΑΚΕ verb is derived from either the present indicative 1st person singular or the aorist indicative 1st person singular.

NOTE: in the supplementary rules below 'medio-passive', 'middle' and 'passive' do not refer to voice, but to the morphology of deponent verbs.

1. The Basic Rules

Use the strong aorist if
the aorist is related to the present stem and
the aorist stem is not reduplicated.
Use the strong aorist if
the strong aorist is not related to the present stem but
the aorist stem is used in forming compounds.
Use the weak aorist if
the verb forms its present stem by reduplication and
the aorist is formed from the simple stem.
Use the weak aorist if
the verb forms its present stem by adding -ννυ- and
the aorist is formed from the simple stem.
Use the present stem in all other cases.

Notes:: Reduplication: reduplicated present stems have the initial consonant repeated with -ι- between them, e.g. γι-γνώσκω, δί-δωμι (if the initial consonant is φ, θ or χ the the consonant before -ι- is π, τ or κ respectively, e.g. τί-θημι); occasionally a nasal consonant follows the -ι-, e.g. πίμ-πλημι. A rarer type of reduplication is that known as 'Attic reduplication', e.g. ἀρ-αρίσκω (but this verb was poetic, mainly Homeric, and is not used in ΤΑΚΕ).
In Homer strong aorists are found with reduplication of initial consonant with intervening -ι- or -ε-; these are not used in later Greek and are not used for deriving ΤΑΚΕ verbs; the only reduplicated strong aorists that concern us are the very few which show Attic reduplication, e.g. ἤγ-αγον (aorist stem: ἀγ-αγ-).; Basic rule (a): A few transitive verbs have a weak transitive aorist and a strong intransitive aorist (i.e. although the strong aorist has active endings it has, for these verbs, a middle meaning). We use the strong aorist to derive the ΤΑΚΕ verb, as ΤΑΚΕ verbs are neutral as regards voice.; Basic rule (b): In most cases where the present stem and aorist stem are different (i.e. the verb is suppletive), the present stem will be used for deriving ΤΑΚΕ verbs. The aorist stem is used if and only if all clauses of this rule are true, including the last clause.

2. If the ΤΑΚΕ verb is derived from an aorist, first remove the augment

The aorist indicative tense has what is called a 'temporal augment' to show that it refers to the past. This applies only to the indicative tense, not to other aorist forms as the aorist stem itself shows aspect, not tense. Unfortunaely, it is the 1st person singular of the [past] aorist indicative tense which is used by dictionaries and grammars.

However, the ΤΑΚΕ verb is derived from the aorist stem, not from the aorist tense. Therefore we need to remove the augment from the 1st person singular thus:

If the aorist stem begins with a consonant, the augment is simply a prefixed ἐ- (or occasionally -ἠ); we simply remove this. If the augment carried the accent, we shift it to first syllable of the aorist stem itself.
If the aorist stem begins with a vowel, the augment normally causes some change in this vowel (the details need not concern us here); we need to restore the vowel to its unaugmented form which is usually the same as the initial vowel of the present stem (if this is not so, dictionaries and grammars should make this clear) and, of course, we ignore the 'rough breathing' (῾) or 'smooth breathing' (᾿) - but not the accent!

NOTE: if the verb is a compound, i.e. is prefixed by a preposition, then the augment come between the prefix and the stem, e.g. the aorist of ἀποθνήσκω (also written ἀποθνῄσκω) was ἀπέθανον, i.e. ἀπ-έθανον, but, for example, the aorist infinitive, which has no augment, was ἀποθανεῖν, i.e. ἀπο-θανεῖν.

3. What we do next if the ΤΑΚΕ verb is derived from the strong aorist stem

Change the ending
If the aorist is thematic, remove the final -ον, if active, or -όμην, if middle, and add -ε;
If the aorist is athematic, simply drop the final -ν, if active, or -μην, if middle.
Adjust the accent if necessary
If the aorist is athematic, make sure the accent is on the third syllable from the end if possible, but on the next to last if the verb has only two syllables;
If the aorist is athematic, make sure the accent is on the next to last syllable if the verb has more than one syllable.

Examples:

βάλλω (to throw) - aorist: ἔβαλον → *βάλον → βάλε
ὑπισχνέομαι (to promise) - aorist: ὑπεσχόμην (i.e. ὑπ-εσχόμην) → *υποσχόμην → *υποσχε → ύποσχε
βιόω (to live) - aorist: ἐβίων → *βίων → βίω

4. What we do next if the ΤΑΚΕ verb is derived from the weak aorist stem

For the verbs τίθημι and δίδωμι we remove the final -κα, thus¹:
τίθημι (to put, lay) - aorist: ἔθηκα → *θήκα → θη
δίδωμι (to give) - aorist: ἔδωκα → *δώκα → δω
For all other verbs, remove the final -σα, e.g.
μιμνήσκω (to remind) - aorist: ἔμνησα → *μνήσα → μνη
σβέννυμι (to extinguish) - aorist: ἔσβεσα → *σβέσα → σβε

¹In fact the weak aorists ἔθηκα and ἔδωκα are found only in the indicative; all other aorist forms of these two verbs use a strong aorist. Joseph Peanou, however, chose to derive the ΤΑΚΕ verbs from these weak forms because (a) they are given in dictionaries and grammars, and (b) for the sake of simplicity.

5. What we do if the ΤΑΚΕ verb is derived from the present stem.

This has more variation. It will be convenient to divide verbs into different classes according to the behavior of their present stem forms.

Class 1: Thematic non-contract verbs ("ordinary verbs")

That is verbs ending in -ω (or in -ομαι if deponent) after ι, υ or a consonant. The ΤΑΚΕ verbs are derived thus:

We move the accent onto the preceding syllable, if possible.
We remove the final -ω (active) or final -ομαι (medio-passive), and replace it with -ε.

Examples:

ἀγγέλλω (to announce)→ *άγγελλω → άγγελλε
ἔρχομαι (to come) → *έρχομαι → έρχε

Class 2. Thematic contract verbs

That is verbs ending in -αω, -εω or -οω (or in -αομαι, -εομαι, or -οομαι if deponent), where the final vowel of the present stem normally combines with the vowel of the ending to give a 'contracted' form. The ΤΑΚΕ verbs are derived thus:

We move the accent onto the preceding syllable, if possible.
We change the endings thus:
- -αω or -αομαι → -α
- -εω or -εομαι → -ει
- -οω or -οομαι → -ου
These are, in fact, contractions of -αε, -εε and -οε respectively. A few verbs ending in -αω, however, contract -αε to -η, and not to -α. They are διψάω (to be thirsty) , ζάω (to live), κνάω (to scratch), πεινάω (to be hungry), σμάω (to wipe clean), χράομαι (to use) and ψάω (to rub, wipe). The ΤΑΚΕ verbs derived from these will, therefore, have the -αω or -αομαι changed to -η.

Examples:

διψάω (to be thirsty) → *δίψαω → δίψη
ἀγαπάω (to love) → *αγάπαω → αγάπα
ὠνέομαι (to buy) → *ώνεομαι → ώνει
δηλόω (to reveal) → *δήλοω → δήλου

Class 3. Athematic verbs ending in -ημι (active) or -αμαι (deponent)

Many of the active verbs in this group had reduplicating present stems (e.g. τίθημι, δίδωμι, ἵστημι (← *σίστᾱμι), πίμ-πλημι) and thus formed their ΤΑΚΕ derivative from the weak aorist stem; of those without reduplicating present stems, practically all were Ionic or poetic, chiefly Homeric, and many had alternative thematic forms ending in -άω. In forming ΤΑΚΕ verbs, thematic forms are always to be preferred over athematic variants. The active verbs of this class, therefore, are not used in ΤΑΚΕ.

The rule for deriving the ΤΑΚΕ verbs from the present stem forms of the deponent verbs is quite simple, thus:

Remove the personal ending -μαι.

Example:

δύναμαι → δύνα (be able).

Note: there is no change in the accentuation.
Those who know ancient Greek may object that the final -α here was short and that, therefore, the accent should shift onto the preceding syllable if possible. But Joseph did not wish to have two different groups of verbs ending in -α, those derived from thematic contract verbs and those derived from athematic verbs. In effect, he has taken the latter group into the former, and one can imagine the thematic vowel -ε contracting wit the final -α of words like δύνα, so that all verbs ending in -α, whatever their origin, are always accented on the penultimate syllable.

Class 4: Athematic verbs ending in -(ν)νυμι.

These verbs infix -νυ- (or -ννυ- after vowels) between the verb stem and the verbal suffixes. There are a few deponent verbs in this group, but they almost all Ionic and poetic, mainly Homeric, except for πτάρνυμαι (to sneeze), but that has a more common thematic alternative, πταίρω, and both share the strong aorist ἔπταρον, from which ΤΑΚΕ πτάρε is derived. The deponents of this class, therefore, do not concern us here.

Nor, of course, do the verbs ending in -ννυμι concern us, as they form their ΤΑΚΕ derivatives from the weak aorist; see above.

To derive the ΤΑΚΕ verb from the active verbs ending in a consonant + νυμι:

If the verb ends in -νυμι, then remove -νυμι and add the thematic vowel -ε.

Example:

δείκνυμι (to show) → δείκε; μίγνυμι² (join) → μίγε

NOTE: Verbs in this group which are Ionic or poetic only are not used in ΤΑΚΕ.
² This is also sometimes written μείγνυμι.

Class 5: Anomalous or defective athematic verbs.

These are dropped in favor of other more regular synonymous verbs in ΤΑΚΕ, except for εἰμί (to be). (For the verbs which have been dropped in ΤΑΚΕ, see beneath the table below.)

This verb has no aorist, and the 1st person singular εἰμί might suggest an ΤΑΚΕ derivative ει; but this would identical to the word for "if". In fact the verb is very irregular and varied quite a bit in the different dialects. In standard Attic Greek the present tense was: (singular) εἰμί, εἶ, ἐστί - (plural) ἐσμέν ἐστέ εἰσί. From this it can be seen that the stem varied between εἰ- and ἐσ-. Jesophos chose the latter and the ΤΑΚΕ verb "to be" is ες.

Class 6: Verbs with perfect stem forms but with present stem meanings.

There were only a few, namely δέδοικα, εἴωθα, μέμονα, οἶδα. These are not used in ΤΑΚΕ, their meanings being supplied by other verbs.

6. Summary of rules on accentuation

It will be seen that the above rules of derivation lead to two simple rules concerning the placement of the accent on all polysyllabic verbs, including compound verbs (monosyllabics do not, of course, have an accent). The rules are:

If the verb ends in -ε, the accent is placed, if possible, on the third syllable from the end (the antepenultimate syllable); on a disyllabic word it will be on the first syllable.
If the verb ends in anything else³, then the accent is always on the next to last syllable (the penultimate syllable).

³'Anything else' is in effect -α, -ει, -ου, -η or -ω.

Table giving examples of derivation of ΤΑΚΕ verbs ancient Greek.

NOTE: For convenience the simple English infinitive is given as the "Dictionary Meaning"; but verbs in ΤΑΚΕ are neutral as regards voice so, e.g.αγάπα could equally well mean 'to be loved', άγγελλε 'to be announced' etc. A verb like like στη may be active, e.g. 'they stand their exhibits over there', or middle, e.g. 'they are standing over there', or passive, 'their exhibits were stood over there'.

Ancient Greek		ΤΑΚΕ verb	"Dictionary Meaning" (See not above)
Present tense (1^st per. sg.)	Aorist tense (1^st per. sg.)	ΤΑΚΕ verb	"Dictionary Meaning" (See not above)
ἀγαπάω	ἠγάπησα	αγάπα	to love, show affection for
ἀγγέλλω	ἤγγειλα	άγγελλε	to announce
ἄγω	ἤγαγον	άγε	to lead
αἱρέω	εἷλον (ἑλ- )	αίρει	to take, to obtain
ἀποθνήσκω¹	ἀπέθανον	απόθανε	to die
βαίνω	ἔβην	βη	to go
βάλλω	ἔβαλον	βάλε	to throw
βιβρώσκω	ἔβρων	βρω	to eat up, devour
βιόω	ἐβίων	βίω	to live, to pass one's life
γίγνομαι	ἐγενόμην	γένε	to become
γιγνώσκω	ἔγνων	γνω	to know
δείκνυμι	ἔδειξα	δείκε	to show
δέω	ἔδησα	δει	to bind, fetter
δηλόω	ἐδήλωσα	δηλού	to reveal, exhibit, make manifest
δίδωμι	ἔδωκα	δω	to give
διψάω	ἐδίψησα	δίψη	to be thirsty
δράω	ἔδρασα	δρα	to do, perform, act
δύναμαι	ἐδυνήθην	δύνα	to be able (to)
εἰμί	-	ες	to be
ἐλαύνω	ἤλασα	ελαύνε	to to drive, march
ἐπίσταμαι	ἐπιστήθην	επίστα	to know how to, understand
ἔραμαι	ἐράσθην	έρα	to love (with sexual passion), lust after
ἐργάζομαι	ἠργάσαμην	έργαζε	to work
ἔρχομαι	ἦλθον (ἐλθ- )	έρχε	to come
ἐσθίω	ἔφαγον	φάγε	to eat
εὑρίσκω	ηὗρον or εὗρον	εύρε	to find
ἔχω	ἔσχον	σχε	to have
ζάω	ἔζησα	ζη	to live, to have life
θάπτω	ἔθαψα	θάπτε	to bury
ἵστημι	[w] ἔστησα [s] ἔστην	στη	to place, stand
καθίζω	ἐκάθισα	κάθιζε	to set, seat, sit
καίω	ἔκαυσα	καίε	to burn
κεράννυμι	ἐκέρασα	κέρα	to mix, mingle, blend
κρεμάννυμι	ἐκρέμασα	κρέμα	to suspend, hang
κρύπτω	ἔκρυψα	κρύπτε	to conceal, hide
λαμβάνω	ἔλαβον	λάβε	to take
λέγω	εἶπον (εἰπ- )	λέγε	to say
λείπω	ἔλιπον	λίπε	to depart, leave
μαίνομαι	ἐμάνην	μάνη	to rage, be furious, be mad
μανθάνω	ἔμαθον	μάθε	to learn
μίγνυμι²	ἔμιξα	μίγε	to join, bring together, mix up
μιμνήσκομαι^1,³	ἐμνησάμην	μνη	to remember
νοέω	ἐνόησα	νόει	to think, perceive
νομίζω	ἐνόμισα	νόμιζε	to believe
ξηραίνω	ἐξήρανα	ξήραινε	to dry
ὁράω	εἶδον (ἰδ- )	όρα	to see
ὁρύσσω	ὤρυξα	όρυσσε	to dig
πάσχω	ἔπαθον	πάθε	to suffer
πέτομαι	ἐπτόμην	πτε	to fly
πίμπλημι	ἔπλησα	πλη	to fill
πίνω	ἔπιον	πίε	to drink
πίπτω	ἔπεσον	πέσε	to fall
ποιέω	ἐποίησα	ποίει	to do, make, produce
πληρόω	ἐπλήρωσα	πλήρου	to satiate, render in full, fulfill
πυνθάνομαι	ἐπυθόμην	πύθε	to enquire
ῥήγνυμι	ἔρρηξα	ρήγε	to break
σβέννυμι	ἔσβεσα	σβε	to extinguish
στέλλω	ἔστειλα	στέλλε	to send
στρέφω	ἔστρεψα	στρέφε	to turn
στρώννυμι	ἔστρωσα	στρω	to strew, spread
σώζω	ἔσωσαι	σώζε	to save
τέμνω	ἔτεμον	τέμε	to cut
τίκτω	ἔτεκον	τέκε	to beget, give birth to
τίθημι	ἔθηκα	θη	to place, to lay, to lie [down]
τρέχω	ἔδραμον	τρέχε	to run
τυγχάνω	ἔτυχον	τύχε	to happen to be, to happen upon
ὑπισχνέομαι	ὑπεσχόμην	ύποσχε	to promise
φέρω	ἤνεγκον (ἐνεγκ- )	φέρε	to bear, carry
φεύγω	ἔφυγον	φύγε	to flee
φθάνω	[w] ἔφθασα [s] ἔφθην	φθη	to act first, to do beforehand, to outstrip
φιλέω	ἐφίλησα	φίλει	to love, show regard to, treat kindly
φοβέω	ἐφόβησα	φόβει	to frighten, to be afraid
χαίρω	ἐχάρην	χάρη	to rejoice
χράομαι	ἐχρησάμην	χρη⁴	to use
ψεύδω	ἔψευσα	ψεύδε	to deceive
ὠνέομαι	ἐπριάμην	ώνει	to buy
ὠφελέω	ὠφέλησα	ώφελε	to benefit, be of use to

¹The earlier spelling was -ῃσκω but -ησκω without an iota subscript became usual in the later period of ancient Greek.
²The codices normally spell this verb with initial μι- but papyri and inscriptions often give the spellings μείγνυμι etc, with initial μει-; Joephos Peanou decided to keep the simpler spelling.
³There is a very rare active form μιμνήσκω meaning 'to remind.' But the verb is used almost entirely in the middle to mean 'to remember' and in the passive 'to be remembered'. In ΤΑΚΕ 'to remind' is expressed by a periphrasis meaning to 'to cause to remember' - see Verbs: Part 2.
⁴This should not be confused with the ancient Greek 'pseudo-verb' χρή (it is necessary); this strange 'pseudo-verb' was probably once a neuter singular noun. All its other forms are contractions of χρή with εἰμί; e.g. χρἤσται (← χρὴ ἔσται). This 'pseudo-verb' is not used in ΤΑΚΕ which uses δει (it is binding; it is necessary); see Verbs - Part 2.

Why some ancient Greek verb are not used in ΤΑΚΕ

As a general principle Joseph Peanou did not use verbs that were purely, or mainly, Ionic and poetic (chiefly Homeric), preferring instead to use synonyms from classical prose usage.

For more particular consideration of some individual words, it will be convenient to use the six verb classes of the second section "Derivation of the ΤΑΚΕ verb form from ancient Greek".

Class 1: Thematic non-contract verbs

The verb -διδράσκω (aorist: -ἔδραν) "to run" is not used, both because in the ancient language (apart from one or two very early examples) it is used only in compounds, and becaue it would have given an ΤΑΚΕ verb 'δρα' which is identical to the ΤΑΚΕ verb form 'do, perform, act'. In ΤΑΚΕ "to run" is always τρέχε, and thus "to run away" is απότρεχε.

Three other verbs with reduplicating present stems are also not used in ΤΑΚΕ. They are:

ἀραρίσκω (to construct, fit together): the verb is poetic and for this meaning ΤΑΚΕ uses κατασκεύαζε (← κατασκευάζω).
πιπράσκω (to sell, offer for sale): the verb is uncommon and defective. For this meaning ΤΑΚΕ uses πώλει (← πωλέω), cf. English 'mono-poly'.
τιτρώσκω (to wound, injure): this is not particularly common and for the range of meanings of this verb ΤΑΚΕ uses βλάπτε (to wound, hurt, damage ← βλάπτω) and αδίκει (to injure, do wrong to ← ἀδικέω).

Class 2: Thematic contract verbs

I am not aware of any specific verbs in this class which were not used by Joseph Peanou.

Class 3. Athematic verbs ending in -ημι (active) or -αμαι (deponent)

δίδημι is a rare reduplicated form for the far more common δέω (to bind, tie, fetter). ΤΑΚΕ derives it verb from the latter, i.e. δει.
Both ἠμί (to say) and φημί (to say) were enclitic in the present tense in ancient Greek. ΤΑΚΕ does not have enclitics and for "to say" it is uses λέγε instead.
ἵημι (to send) would have given η but is not used in ΤΑΚΕ, the meaning being conveyed by πέμπε (to send [on a journey]) or στέλλε (to send, dispatch).
The rare verb κίχρημι (to lend) is not used. ΤΑΚΕ derives its verb from the the more common verb δανείζω, i.e. δανείζε (to lend).
κάθημαι (to sit [intrans.]) was a defective verb with only present stem tenses (the future καθήσομαι is uncommon and is a late formation); the other tenses were supplied by the middle voice of καθίζω (to seat, sit [trans.]). ΤΑΚΕ verbs are neutral as regards voice; it would, therefore, not make sense to have a special verb for the intransitive or 'middle' meaning. Just as στη may be used as an active, middle or passive (see note above the table of verbs), so κάθιζε may be active (to seat [someone]), middle (to sit), or passive (to be seated [by someone]). In view of the defectiveness of κάθημι and in order to be consistent, Joseph did not use κάθημαι.
Neither the defective verb κρέμαμαι (to hang, suspend [intrans.] nor the rare κρήμνημι (to hang, suspend [trans.]) are used in ΤΑΚΕ, which uses κρέμα ( ← κρεμάννυμι, aorist: ἐκρέμασα), with both the transitive and intransitive meaning.
πίμπρημι (to burn [trans.]), some of whose forms were supplied by πρήθω, whose present stem forms were intransitive, though other forms were transitive. Neither of these verbs is used in ΤΑΚΕ, which uses instead καίε (to burn).

Class 4: Athematic verbs ending in -(ν)νυμι.

The ancient verbs, for the most part, will be used in ΤΑΚΕ except for those found only in epic or the poets. The only verb to be considered here is στόρνυμι (to strew, to spread), which had the variant form στρώννυμι and, at a later period, στορέννυμι. In view of the ancient nouns στρῶμα (anything spread out, a mattress, a bed), στρωμνή (bed, couch) and στρῶσις (a spreading, a covering), Joseph Peanou adopted στρω (← στρώννυμι, aorist: ἔστρωσα), as shown in the table above.

Class 5: Anomalous or defective athematic verbs.

Above it was stated that these are dropped in favor of other synonymous verbs in ΤΑΚΕ, except for εἰμί "to be". The verbs not used in ΤΑΚΕ are:

εἶμι which, in Attic, was used as the future of ἔρχομαι (come, go); this verb is not used in ΤΑΚΕ, which uses βη (to go) and έρχε (to come).
κεῖμαι (to be set down, to lie) was a defective verb with only present stem tenses and a rare future form κείσομαι; the other tenses were supplied by the passive voice of τίθημι (to place, to lay down). For exactly the same reasons that Joseph rejected using κάθημαι he also rejected using κεῖμαι. In ΤΑΚΕ θη may mean either 'to lay' or 'to lie [down'.

Class 6: Verbs with perfect stem forms but with present stem meanings.

These verbs are all defective and none of them is used in ΤΑΚΕ, their meanings being supplied by other verbs, thus

δέδοικα (I fear) with alternative short form δέδια, is the perfect of the mainly Epic verb δείδω, used with present meanings. Joseph decided not to use this somewhat anomalous verb in ΤΑΚΕ, preferring instead φόβει (← φοβέω - see table above) .
εἴωθα (to be accustomed) is the perfect of an uncommon verb ἔθω (to be accustomed), used with present meaning. Joseph did not use this verb, since εθίζε (← ἐθίζω) means both 'to accustom' and 'to be accustomed', depending upon whether it is used transitively or not.
μέμονα (to be furiously eager, very eager) is mainly Epic and not found in other tenses other than this perfect used as a present; in fact it is more common as a participle than a finite verb. It is not used in ΤΑΚΕ, which uses μάνη (← μαίνομαι - see table above).
οἶδα (I know) is a defective verb with irregular conjugation. Although the futures εἴσομαι and εἰδήσω are very occasionally found, the verb forms its other tenses from γιγνώσκω (Ι know). ΤΑΚΕ, therefore, does not use οἶδα, using instead γνω (← γιγνώσκω); see table above.