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Το ῎Ανευ Κλίσι Ελληνική
Greek Without Inflexions

το ἴδιο ὀνόματο
Proper Names

This page was originally developed as a result of Philip Newton's WHATL (Western Hellenic Alternative Time-Line) calendar for 2012 (i.e. approximately 2008 in our time-line), and the correspondence concerning it on the Conlang list at the end of January and the beginning of February, 2008. Each month had a photograph of somewhere in our world with the name of the place or object in TAKE beneath it together with the name of the photographer.

Where the photograph was of a natural object, e.g. Matterhorn, there is no doubt it also existed in WHATL; where, however, it was a man-made object, e.g. the Eiffel Tower, we either had to change the photographs on the calendar or assume that similar objects existed in WHATL. We adopted the latter approach but it was realized that it was a fudge - particularly when we assumed Doppelgängers of the photographers in WHATL! That difficulty has now been removed. We can concentrate on ΤΑΚΕ in our own world.

1. Rules & Guidelines

1.1 General rule regarding form of proper names
  1. If there is an ancient Greek or Koine Greek version of the name, the ΤΑΚΕ form is derived from that.
  2. Otherwise if there is a well established Latin form with no significant variants, the ΤΑΚΕ form will be derived from a corresponding Greek form.
  3. Otherwise, if the name has some sort of international standing it will be formed from the native name but 'moderately' Hellenized, in a similar way to (ii) above.
  4. For all other names, the native name is used, transcribed in the Greek alphabet according to the guide-lines given below.
1.2 Guidelines for unhellenized native names
The tables below are just illustrative guidelines.
Neither the Roman letters nor the Cyrillic are meant to cover all possibles uses of all letters and symbols used in the many different national adaptations of these two alphabets. They attempt only to illustrate the more common usages. Nor are the tables below meant to prescriptive; they are given as illustrative of the sort of way a modern native name might be transcribed in ΤΑΚΕ. There is likely to hesitation between transliteration and representation of sound, between historical spellings and modern pronunciation etc.; and in bilingual (or multilingual) countries, there may be other problems.
1.2.1 Vowels
Most languages use related sounds for the values of the different vowel letters; the major exception are the English "long vowels." Also, some languages, e.g. German, distinguish between long and short vowels; in these languages it seems logical to render the long and short mid vowels by Ε, Η, Ο and Ω as in Koine Greek renderings of Latin words. The sounds represented by U will call for more comment. It will be convenient to treat these letter by letter.
RomanCyrillicTAKE
AА
  1. For all sounds, whether 'long' or 'short', from [æ] through [a] and [ɑ] to [ɒ] = Α
  2. English "long A" /e(ɪ)/ = ΕΙ or Η
EЕ, Э
  1. Generally for all sounds from [e] through to [ɛ] = Ε
  2. But in German and similar languages, short /e/ = Ε, long /e:/ = Η
  3. English "long E" /i/ = Ι
  4. Russian Е (Ukrainian Є) /je/ = ΙΕ
IИ
  1. For all sounds, whether 'long' or 'short', from [i] through to [ɪ] = Ι
  2. English "long I" /aɪ/ = ΑΙ
OО
  1. Generally for all sounds from [o] through to [ɔ] = Ο
  2. But in German and similar languages, short /o/ = Ο, long /o:/ = Ω
  3. English "long O" /o(ʊ)/ = Ω
UУ
  1. For all sounds, whether 'long' or 'short', from [u] through to [ʊ] (including Dutch OE, English OO and French OU) = ΟΥ
  2. In French and any other language where U represents a front round vowel, i.e. [y], the ΤΑΚΕ representation is Y
  3. English "long U" /ju/ may either represent the modern pronunciation, i.e. (Ι)ΟΥ, or stay closer to the spelling and represent the earlier sound /ew/ as ΕΥ
YЫ
  1. If used to represent [y] = Υ
  2. If used in English to represent /aɪ/ = ΑΙ
  3. Otherwise = Ι
Roman Ä Ö Ü
where ¨ denotes umlaut
  1. Ä = Ε
  2. Ö = Ε, ΙΟ or Ο
  3. Ü = Υ
(NOTE: Where ¨ denotes diaeresis, the diaeresis is used also in ΤΑΚΕ)
Cyrillic Я Ё Ю
  1. Я = ΙΑ
  2. Ё = ΙΟ
  3. Ю = ΙΟΥ
[ə]
shwa
(or schwa or shva)
This sound will probably be represented by Ε in many cases, but its representation will doubtless be influenced by spelling in the language of origin. The Bulgarian Ъ is likely to be represented by Α.
Diphthongs Falling diphthongs will normally be represented by the closest ΤΑΚΕ falling diphthong: ΑΙ, ΕΙ, ΟΙ, ΑΥ, ΕΥ (ΟΥ of course is a digraph representing the vowel /u/, not a diphthong).
Other diphthongs will generally represent the original pronunciation according to the vowel values above. For example:
  • The English falling diphthong oi in Moine [Thrust Belt in the north-west Scotland] = ΟΙ
  • The French rising oi in Moine [French surname] = ΟΑ or ΟΥΑ

1.2.2 Consonants There are three points to notice in the table below:
  1. While ΤΑΚΕ has voiceless fricatives, voiced fricatives are pronounced as voiced plosives and denoted by the same symbol;
  2. ΤΑΚΕ, like both ancient and modern Greek, does not distinguish between alveolar and postalveolar fricatives, using the same symbol for both, i.e. Σ represents both [s] and [ʃ], and Ζ represents both [z] and [ʒ];
  3. While modern Greek happily accepts affricates, the ancient language always assimilated them to a geminate sound (or single sound if initial). So we find the Mycenaean voiceless affricate appearing as -σσ- in Classical Greek (or -ττ- in Attic and some other dialects), or just σ- (or τ-) if initial. We would similarly expect Mycenaean voiced affricates to become /zz/ or /dd/, according to dialect; indeed, -δδ- was found in some dialects, but geminate voiced plosives were not normal in ancient Greek and in some, e.g. Lesbian, we find metathesis to [zd] (written -σδ-). It is likely that ζ was pronounced that way in Classical Attic also; but [zz] is likely in Ionic an became the norm in Koine Greek.
    ΤΑΚΕ follows ancient and Koine Greek in rendering foreign affricates as -σσ- (σ-) if voiceless, and or ζ (-zz- or z-) if voiced.
As with vowels, the consonants are given below letter by letter; for convenience, I have also included ch, dh, ph, sh and th separately as they represent single sounds and have single letter equivalents in Cyrillic (the Cyrillic Ҙ and Ҫ do not occur in Russian or any Slav language, but are used in Bashkir).
RomanCyrillicTAKE
BБΒ
CК
  1. Latin C = Κ
  2. Cyrillic К and the "hard C" of medieval & modern languages = Κ
  3. Cyrillic Ц, Ч (as well as Serbian Ћ) and the "soft C" of medieval & modern languages = Σ
Ц, Ч
ChХ Voiceless velar or uvular fricative = Χ
Ч, ШVoiceless palatal plosive, postalveolar affricate or postalveolar fricative = Σ
DД Both voiced dental or alveolar plosive and voiced dental fricative = Δ
(See a above).
Ð, DhҘ
F, PhФΦ
GГ
  1. Latin G = Γ
  2. Cyrillic Г and the "hard G" of medieval & modern languages = Γ
  3. Cyrillic Дж, Ж (also Serbian Ђ and Џ) and the "soft G" of medieval & modern languages = Ζ
Дж, Ж
H(Х) Voiceless glottal or pharyngeal fricative
  1. As an initial sound, it will normally be shown by a rough breathing
  2. Within a word it will be either ignored or rendered as Χ
(Г) Voiced glottal or pharyngeal fricative
  1. As an initial sound, it may be shown by a rough breathing or ignored
  2. Within a word it will be either ignored or rendered as Γ
JJ, Й Palatal approximant = Ι
Дж, ЖVoiced palatal plosive, postalveolar affricate or postalveolar fricative = Ζ
KКΚ
LЛΛ
(The Castilian Ll or Serbian Љ palatal lateral approximant [ʎ] = ΛΙ)
MМΜ
NНΝ
(The Castilian Ñ or Serbian Њ palatal nasal [ɲ] = ΝΙ)
PПΠ
Quno equivalent
  1. [kw] = Κου
  2. [k] = Κ
For uses of Q alone, see notes below.
RРΡ
SСΣ
ShШ
TТΤ
Þ, ThҪΘ
V, WВVoiced labiodental fricative = Β
(German sometimes has V = [f]; this, of course, is rendered as Φ in ΤΑΚΕ)
no equivalentLabio-velar or labiodental approximant = ΟΥ
XКСΞ
YJ, ЙΙ
ZЦVoiceless alveolar affricate = Σ
Дз, ЗVoiced alveolar affricate or alveolar fricative = Ζ
Note:
When Q is used to represent [q] in foreign words, it will be represented in ΤΑΚΕ by Κ. The Chinese use of q = [tɕʰ] is represented by Σ (see Ch above.)
The table above concerns itself with consonants which are pronounced using the pulmonic airstream (i.e. initiated by the lungs); the majority of the consonants in the world's languages are of this type. But consonants using different airstreams are found in some languages. They are consonants produced by:
  • an exhaled airstream initiated by the glottis (glottalic egressive), commonly called "ejectives" - these will be denoted simply by the corresponding voiceless plosive symbols, i.e. [pʼ] by Π, [tʼ] by Τ and [kʼ] by Κ;
  • an inhaled airstream initiated by the glottis (glottal ingressive), commonly called "implosives" - these will be denoted simply by the corresponding voiced plosive symbols, i.e. [ɓ] by Β, [ɗ] by Δ and [ɠ] by Γ;
  • an inhaled airstream initiated by the the tongue forming a closure with the velum, or soft palate (velaric ingressive), commonly called "clicks" and denoted in the Nguni languages by c, q and x, either by themselves or in digraphs - these may be denoted in ΤΑΚΕ by velar consonants , i.e. a voiceless click will be rendered Κ, a voiced click Γ and a nasal click ΓΓ.
 
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2. Use of the article with proper names

In the first version of the calendar was found: Το Παρθενώνο εν το Αθήνο εν το Ελλάδο.*

The problem here is that the prepositional phrases εν το Αθήνο (in [the] Athens) and εν το Ελλάδο (in [the] Greece) are adjectival in function and that, if they are placed after the noun of which they are attributes, the noun's definite article should be repeated before the phrase, i.e. Το Παρθενώνο το εν το Αθήνο το εν το Ελλάδο, which is clumsy. This prompted a closer consideration of the use of the definite article before proper names both in Attic and Hellenistic Greek (the sources of ΤΑΚΕ).

Grammar books are somewhat hazy, e.g."Proper names may take the article; as ὁ Σωκράτης or Σωκράτης, Socrates" ['A Greek Grammar', William W. Goodwin]. This is not exactly helpful!

Consulting the Liddell and Scott Greek lexicon proved more useful. It is often omitted before names, or nouns used as names, which require no specification because they are so well know. Interestingly, while ὁ βασιλεύς is used more or less like "the king" in English, when the Greeks referred to the King of Persia (The Shah, the King of Kings, the King) they invariably had just plain Βασιλεύς. It is used before names to call attention to an earlier mention of the name.

Also it is usually omitted if some special designation follows it, e.g. Σωκράτης ὁ φιλόσοφος 'Socrates the philosopher'. One interesting fact I discovered is that Aristotle invariably just has Σωκράτης if he is referring to the actual historical character of 5th century Athens, but ὁ Σωκράτης if he is referring to the Socrates portrayed in Plato's dialogs.

Further searching on the Internet either merely repeated what Goodwin wrote in his grammar or agreed with Liddell and Scott that if a noun is clearly definite the article may be omitted. The article is needed if we want to identify the noun, e.g. the specify that the Athens we mean is the one in Greece and not the one in Georgia, USA.

Let us go back to 'The Parthenon in Athens in Greece.' Are we specifying here that it is the Athens in Greece that has the Parthenon, not the other Athens? I think not. We are surely doing no more than adding a bit of extra information to 'the Parthenon'. Nor, I think, does Greece specifically require an article here. Therefore, we need no more than (in current ΤΑΚΕ): Το Παρθενῶνο το ἐν Ἀθήνη το ἐν Ἑλλάδο.

Even this seems to me a little awkward with the repetition of το ἐν - better, I think, is: Το ἐν Ἀθήνη Παρθενῶνο το ἐν Ἑλλάδο.

I was asked whether one should say το ὄρο Μάττερχορν (the mountain Matterhorn) or το Μάττερχορν ὄρο. In Goodwin's Greek Grammar we find: "The Greeks commonly said the Euphrates river, τὸν Εὐφράτην ποταμόν, etc. rather than the river Euphrates. So sometimes with names of mountains (rarely with those of cities or islands)."

I have chosen to regularize the τὸν Εὐφράτην ποταμόν pattern, with only the name being capitalized and not the common noun (river, mountain, city etc). Thus we have, for example:

  • το Μάττερχορν ὄρο = the Matterhorn
  • το Παῦελ λίμνη = Lake Powell
  • το Νιάγαρα καταρράκτη = Niagara falls
  • το Εὐφράτη ποταμό = the river Euphrates


*The version of ΤΑΚΕ then was monotonic; there were also some other differences from the current version.

 
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3. Names of places

The places named in the table below were discussed during the Conlang thread on the WHATL calendar for 2012 (see above).

Note:

  • the ΤΑΚΕ names given below often differ slightly from the forms given during that thread; in particular the name for 'Switzerland' is significantly different.
  • the table is given for illustrative purposes to show the sort of way the ΤΑΚΕ names are formed.
 
EnglishΤΑΚΕComment
AthensἈθήνη The ΤΑΚΕ name is derived in the normal way from the ancient Greek Ἀθῆναι.
(Rule i)
BarcelonaΒαρκινῶνο The ancient name of the place given by Roman authors was Barcino (gen. Barcinonis) and in Greek authors as Βαρκινών (gen. βαρκινῶνος), hence the ΤΑΚΕ name of the city.
(Rule i.)
[The modern Catalonian/Spanish name shows the normal change of Latin [ɪ] to [e], and /non/ is dissimilated /lon/ to avoid repeated /n/].
BelgiumΒέλγιο The Belgae named by the Romans were a mixed group of Celtic and Germanic origin, living in the north of Gaul in the area roughly of modern Belgium. Caesar refers to a region on both sides of the Somme as Belgium which in Hellenistic Greek would be Βέλγιον. Just as we adopt the Latin name for this bilingual country (Flemish België, French Belgique), so ΤΑΚΕ has Βέλγιο ←Βέλγιον
(Rule ii)
BerlinΒερολῖνο The Latin name of the city is Berolīnum, which is Hellenized as Βερολῖνον, hence the ΤΑΚΕ name.
(Rule ii)
BrandenburgΒρανδεμβοῦργο The name is Latinized as 'Brandenburgum', hence Hellenized as Βρανδεμβοῦργον (with the normal assimilation of /nb/ → /mb/), hence the ΤΑΚΕ name.
(Rule ii)
BrusselsΒρυσέλλη In 695 Saint Vindicianus, the bishop of Cambrai, records the name as 'Brosella'; in 8th century we find the Latin form 'Bruocsella'; later forms are: Brocsela, Brusella, Brucellae, Bruxellum, Bruxella(e).' There is, however, no record of any early Greek versions of the name (the modern Greek form is a straight transliteration of the modern French form of the name).
In view of modern native pronunciations, French [bʁysɛl] and Dutch/ Flemish [ˈbrʏsəl], I have adopted the 7th century 'Brosella' but changed the first vowel to reflect the native pronunciation.
(Rule iii)
CopenhagenΚοβεναυνία The early name of this town was simply Hafnæ ("harbor"), whence its Latin name 'Hafnia', with the variants 'Haphnia' and 'Haunia', the latter being closer to the Danish pronunciation. An unrelated Latin form 'Codania' is also found. There is no record of earlier Greek forms of the name (the modern Greek is a slightly hellenized form derived from the French version of the name). The modern Danish København is from earlier Køpmannæhafn "merchants' harbor."). I adopt the Latin 'Haunia' which would give *Αὑνία and add the now used internationally international reaffix 'Køben-/ Kop(p)en- / Copen- to give Κοβεναυνία
(Rule iii)
DenmarkΔανία The name is derived from the north Germanic people known in Latin sources as the 'Dānī'. In Latin the country was known as Dānia, hence is Hellenized as Δανία.
(Rule ii)
DublinΔουβλίνιο The Latin name is often given as Eblana, which is derived from Claudius Ptolemeus' ΕΒΛΑΝΑ. But there are problems with this; it is not certain whether in fact Ptolemy wrote ΕΒΛΑΝΑ or ΕΒΔΑΝΑ, nor does his description of its location clearly coincide with Dublin.
The name 'Dublin' is from Irish Dubh-linn 'black-pool.' We find this name variously Latinized. Thus in Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland we read: "Dublin the beautie and eie of Ireland, hath béene named Dublinum. By Ptolome, in ancient time, Eblana. Some terme it Dublina, others Dublinia, manie write it Dublinum, authors of better skill name it Dublinium." Thus I follow the the "authors of better skill" and derive the ΤΑΚΕ from a hellenized Δουβλίνιον.
(Rule iii).
FranceΓαλλία The ancient name corresponding more or less to France was Γαλλία. this is retained in modern Greek and in ΤΑΚΕ.
(Rule i)
GenevaΓεναύη Geneva is an ancient settlement and pre-dated the Romans. The name is recorded as 'Genāva' by Classical authors. This would be hellenized as Γεναύη, hence the ΤΑΚΕ name.
(Rule ii)
GermanyΓερμανία Τhe ancient Romans and Greeks referred to the land east of the Rhine as Germānia and Γερμανία respectively, hence the ΤΑΚΕ name.
(Rule i).
GreeceἙλλάδο Τhe ΤΑΚΕ name is derived according to normal rules from the ancient Greek Ἑλλάς (genitive: Ἑλλάδος).
(Rule i)
IrelandἸουερνία Ptolemy gives Ἰουερνία as the name of the island. This is retained in TAKE.
(Rule i)
ItalyἸταλία ΤΑΚΕ retains the ancient Greek Ἰταλία.
(Rule i)
LiechtensteinΛίχτενσταιν This small principality has not acquired an International form of its name. The ΤΑΚΕ form is just a respelling of its native German name.
(Rule iv)
Lisbon Ὀλισιπῶνο The name 'Lisbon' (Port. Lisboa) is derived from ancient Olisīpō (gen. Olisīpōnis), with variant spellings Olisīppō, Olissīpō, Ulyssīpō etc, some being clearly influenced by a supposed connexion with Ulysses. The Greek form was Ὀλισιπών (gen. Ὀλισιπῶνος), with also some other variants, hence the ΤΑΚΕ name.
(Rule i)
LondonΛονδίνιο The ancients called it Londinium, or Λονδίνιον in the Greek authors, hence the ΤΑΚΕ name.
(Rule i)
MatterhornΜάττερχορν The mountain is called Cervin in french and Cervino in Italian; the latter is a borrowing from the French which, apparently is from Latin *Silvinus, modified by folk etymology associating the name with 'cerf' "deer"). Internationally, however, the mountain is known by its German name and it is that form which is adopted in ΤΑΚΕ.
(Rule iv)
ParisΠαρίσιο The Gallo-Roman city was Lutetia Parisiorum "Lutetia of the Parisii" and served as the civitas (capital city) of the Gallic tribe known as the Parisii. In AD 280 the city was destroyed by barbarian invasions, was abandoned by its inhabitants and became little more than a garrison town. When, in 360, Julian the Apostate was proclaimed Emperor by the garrison there he formally named the city simply Parisii, (which, in Greek, is Παρίσιοι) from which the modern name derives. The ΤΑΚΕ name is a regular derivation from the Greek Παρίσιοι.
(Rule ii)
PisaΠῖσα The Italian city of Pisa was originally a colony of Pisa (Πῖσα) in Elis. The ancient name of this city was Πῖσαι (Latin Pisae), hence its ΤΑΚΕ name.
(Rule i)
PortugalΠορτουγαλλία The name Portugal is derived from the ancient Latin name of Oporto which was Portus Cale "the port of Cale". During the time of the Germanic kingdoms in the Iberian peninsula in the 5th and 6th centuries AD, the name Portucale was given to the area around Porto; by the 9th century it had become Portugale and denoted the region between the Douro and the Minho rivers. It is from this that the modern name derives which has been Latinized as Portugallia and, indeed, the Greek form Πορτουγαλλία is found in use in the 19th century.
(Rule iii)
SpainἹσπανία The origin of the Latin Hispania is obscure; it was ancient;y Hellenized as Ἱσπανία.
(Rule ii)
SwizerlandἙλουητία Ptolemy tells of a Ἑλουητίων ἕρημος "Helvetians' deserted land"; indeed, where in post Classical Latin we find Helvetia so in medieval Greek we find Ἑλουητία, hence the ΤΑΚΕ name.
(Rule ii)
the United Kingdomτο Ἕνου Βασιλεία Τhis is a direct translation of the English, with the verb ἕνου "unite" ← Ancient Greek: ἑνοῦν (← ἑνόεεν) and noun βασιλεία "kingdom" ← Ancient Greek: βασιλεία.
VaduzΦαδούς Just like Λίχτενσταιν itself, so its capital Φαδούς is just the ΤΑΚΕ version of the German Vaduz [fa'du:ts].
(Rule iv)
 
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4. Personal given names

4.1 Names of Greek and Hebrew origin
The Greek names occurred in Classical or Koine Greek. The Hebrew names occur in the Septuagint and/or in the Greek New Testament; if the Septuagint and New Testament forms differ, then ΤΑΚΕ prefers the latter. Most of the examples in the table below occurred in the Conlang discussion, but a few other similar names have been included also.
EnglishKoine GreekTAKE
AndrewἈνδρέαςἈνδρέα
ChristineΧριστίνηΧριστίνη
ChristopherΧριστόφοροςΧριστόφορο
DavidΔαυείδ (LXX)
Δαβίδ (NT)
Δαβίδ
JacobἸακώβἸακώβ
JamesἸάκωβοςἸάκωβο
JesusἸησοῦςἸησοῦ
Joan, JaneἸωάνναἸωάννα
JohnἸωάννηςἸωάννη
JosephἸωσήφἸωσήφ
JosephusἸώσηποςἸώσηπο
MatthewΜατθαῖοςΜατθαῖο
MatthiasΜατθίαςΜατθία
MichaelΜιχαήλΜιχαήλ
PeterΠέτροςΠέτρο
4.2 Names of non-Greek and non-Hebrew origin
Names of Latin origin were Hellenized in the Classical period and the ΤΑΚΕ forms are derived from the these according to Rule ii; e.g.
EnglishLatinGreekTAKE
CaciliaCaeciliaΚαικιλίαΚαικιλία
CaesarCaesar, [gen.] CesarisΚαῖσαρ, [gen.] ΚαίσαροςΚαίσαρο
ConstantineCōnstantīnusΚωνσταντῖνοςΚωνσταντῖνο
FabianFabiānusΦαβιανόςΦαβιανό
JustinΙūstīnusἸουστῖνοςἸουστῖνο
JustineΙūstīnaἸουστίνηἸουστίνη
JustinianIūstīniānusἸουστινιανόςἸουστινιανό
LucretiaLucrētiaΛουκρητίαΛουκρητία
LucyLūciaΛουκίαΛουκία
MartinMartīnusΜαρτῖνοςΜαρτῖνο
OctaviaOctāuiaὈκταυίαὈκταυία
PriscillaPriscillaΠρίσκιλλαΠρίσκιλλα

Some names of Germanic origin were Latinized at an early date and these are taken into ΤΑΚΕ according also to Rule ii; e.g.
EnglishLatinGreekTAKE
EdmundEdmundus/ EdmondusἘδμόνδοςἘδμόνδο
EdwardEduardusἘδουάρδοςἘδουάρδο
HenryHendrīcus/ Henrīcus/ HerrīcusἙρρῖκοςἙρρῖκο
WilliamGulielmusΓουλιέλμοςΓουλιέλμο

But while William the Conqueror will be Γουλιέλμο, a modern German Wilhelm may well be Βίλχελμ and modern English speaking William be Οὐίλλιαμ (it would, of course be a gross anachronism to call William the Conqueror Οὐίλλιαμ!)

Similarly a German Oswald will be Ὄσβαλδ but a English speaking Oswald will be Ὄσουαλδ. In other words, names of Germanic and other origins will be put into ΤΑΚΕ according to Rule iv or, if appropriate, Rule iii. Only names that have a well established Latin form will follow Rule ii. Thus, Máo Zédōng is Μάο Ζεδούγγ, whereas Kǒng Fūzǐ is better known to the world as Confucius and in ΤΑΚΕ is Κομφούκιο.

 
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5. Surnames

Surnames were a medieval development. Practice seems to have varied among clerks of the Middle Ages in how they dealt with them. While baptismal names were always written in Latin, surnames seem sometimes to have been Latinized and at other times not, e.g. 'John Smith' might be recorded as 'Jo(h)annes Smith' or 'Jo(h)annes Faber' (Some enterprising Smiths actually adopted the Latin form).

In our discussion we decided, rightly I think, that generally surnames should be left, e.g. Peter Müller will be Πέτρο Μύλλερ and Andrew Miller will be Ἀνδρέα Μίλλερ in ΤΑΚΕ.

Having brought ΤΑΚΕ into our own time-line, practically all the problems we had on rendering the other names on Philip Newton's 2012 WHATL calendar are eliminated. We no longer, for example, have to wonder whether the town of Trémoulet in South France exists in WHATL and what its name would be in a Helleno-Gallic language, nor whether Turkic peoples settled in Asia Minor and so forth. The remaining names on the Calendar may be rendered thus:

  • Michael Beat = Μιχαήλ Βήατ (This photographer is Swiss, so we assumed the name is disyllabic and rendered it as Βήατ)
  • Andrew Bossi = Ἀνδρέα Βόσσι
  • Alper Çuğun - this Turkish name may be rendered as Ἀλπέρ Σουγούν
  • Christine Selleck Tremoulet = Χριστίνη Σέλλεκ Τρεμουλἠ
  • Juan Salmoral = Ἰωάννη Σαλμοράλ
  • Matthias Sigmund = Ματθία Σίγμουνδ
 
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